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Choline (FDB000710)

Record Information
Version1.0
Creation date2010-04-08 22:04:41 UTC
Update date2020-09-17 15:42:08 UTC
Primary IDFDB000710
Secondary Accession NumbersNot Available
Chemical Information
FooDB NameCholine
DescriptionCholine, also known as bilineurine, is an organic compound containing a N, N, N-trimethylethanolammonium cation. Choline is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Choline is a basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. In plants, the first step in de novo biosynthesis of choline involves the decarboxylation of serine into ethanolamine, which is catalyzed by a serine decarboxylase. The synthesis of choline from ethanolamine involves three consecutive N-methylation steps catalyzed by a methyl transferase. In terms of human health, choline is now considered to be an essential vitamin. While humans can synthesize small amounts (by converting phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine), it must be consumed in the diet to maintain health. Required levels are between 425 mg/day (female) and 550 mg/day (male). Milk, eggs, liver, and peanuts are especially rich in choline. Most choline is found in phospholipids, namely phosphatidylcholine or lecithin. Choline can be oxidized to form betaine, which is a methyl source for many reactions (i.e. conversion of homocysteine into methionine). Lack of sufficient amounts of choline in the diet can lead to fatty liver disease and general liver damage. This arises from the lack of VLDL , which is necessary to transport fats away from the liver. Choline deficiency also leads to elevated serum levels of alanine amino transferase and is associated with increased incidence of liver cancer.
CAS Number62-49-7
Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
SynonymSource
Not AvailableNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility3.61 g/LALOGPS
logP-3.6ALOGPS
logP-4.7ChemAxon
logS-1.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)13.97ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3.2ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area20.23 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity42.19 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability12.57 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Chemical FormulaC5H14NO
IUPAC name(2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylazanium
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C5H14NO/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3/q+1
InChI KeyOEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Isomeric SMILESC[N+](C)(C)CCO
Average Molecular Weight104.1708
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight104.107539075
Classification
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cholines. These are organic compounds containing a N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic nitrogen compounds
ClassOrganonitrogen compounds
Sub ClassQuaternary ammonium salts
Direct ParentCholines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Choline
  • Tetraalkylammonium salt
  • 1,2-aminoalcohol
  • Alkanolamine
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic salt
  • Primary alcohol
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Amine
  • Alcohol
  • Organic cation
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect

Health effect:

Disposition

Route of exposure:

Source:

Biological location:

Role

Biological role:

Industrial application:

Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental
Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental
PropertyValueReference
Physical stateSolid
Physical DescriptionNot Available
Mass CompositionC 57.65%; H 13.55%; N 13.45%; O 15.36%DFC
Melting Point302-303 oC (Chloride salt)
Boiling PointNot Available
Experimental Water SolubilityNot Available
Experimental logPNot Available
Experimental pKaNot Available
Isoelectric pointNot Available
Charge+1
Optical RotationNot Available
Spectroscopic UV DataNot Available
DensityNot Available
Refractive IndexNot Available
Spectra
Spectra
EI-MS/GC-MS
TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
Predicted GC-MSCholine, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positivesplash10-05fr-9100000000-69389426dd865af031f9Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSCholine, 1 TMS, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positivesplash10-05g0-9300000000-ca1b0086d4882b00b395Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSCholine, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSCholine, TBDMS_1_1, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
MS/MS
TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0a4i-0900000000-ea6f9c1150759c5be6c72012-07-24View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0a4i-1900000000-cadf16d18f093e9b19d62012-07-24View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0bt9-9100000000-a2c328b7da5435b8e4672012-07-24View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positivesplash10-0udi-0900000000-6a7b57dbdf45607217222012-08-31View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) 30V, Positivesplash10-0udi-5900000000-87fdeef5275a74e783482012-08-31View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-0w29-5900000000-9b79cc5ff3b1ce17deb12017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-03di-9200000000-fe62d5a4fbf492493d602017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT , positivesplash10-0udi-3900000000-0b37e63e9c6b14a2e3972017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-0udi-0900000000-6a7b57dbdf45607217222017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-0udi-5900000000-87fdeef5275a74e783482017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positivesplash10-0pb9-1900000000-391c1b7859a03e7761232017-09-14View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0udi-2900000000-43b0f930ff04f7a48a592017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0udr-9400000000-ab7cc75a8e0d3cc494492017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-000i-9000000000-0b94edfd44e38b20b8d32017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-03di-9100000000-a738404b52e2f1f6fec12021-09-24View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-03di-9000000000-c596e40769889223b3dd2021-09-24View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-03di-9000000000-c6fab16d1790976560b52021-09-24View Spectrum
NMR
TypeDescriptionView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 125 MHz, H2O, experimental)Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, experimental)Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, experimental)Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 1H]-TOCSY. Unexported temporarily by An Chi on Oct 15, 2021 until json or nmrML file is generated. 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Spectrum
ChemSpider ID299
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL920
KEGG Compound IDC00114
Pubchem Compound ID305
Pubchem Substance IDNot Available
ChEBI ID15354
Phenol-Explorer IDNot Available
DrugBank IDDB00122
HMDB IDHMDB00097
CRC / DFC (Dictionary of Food Compounds) IDBFT67-H:BFT67-H
EAFUS IDNot Available
Dr. Duke IDCHOLINE
BIGG ID33910
KNApSAcK IDC00007298
HET IDCHT
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
Flavornet IDNot Available
GoodScent IDNot Available
SuperScent IDNot Available
Wikipedia IDCholine
Phenol-Explorer Metabolite IDNot Available
Duplicate IDSNot Available
Old DFC IDSNot Available
Associated Foods
FoodContent Range AverageReference
FoodReference
Biological Effects and Interactions
Health Effects / Bioactivities
DescriptorIDDefinitionReference
anti Alzheimeran52217 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.DUKE
anti choreic52217 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.DUKE
anti cirrhotic52217 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.DUKE
anti cystinuricDUKE
anti dementia52217 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.DUKE
anti diabetic52217 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.DUKE
anti dyskineticDUKE
anti homocysteine35222 A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.DUKE
anti manicDUKE
anti nociceptive35470 A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms involving the central nervous system.DUKE
anti steatoticDUKE
cardiodepressant38070 A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.DUKE
cerebrotonicDUKE
cholinergic38323 Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons.DUKE
hepatoprotective62868 Any compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.DUKE
hypotensiveDUKE
ileorelaxantDUKE
lipotropicDUKE
memorigenicDUKE
parasympathomimeticDUKE
neurotransmitter25512 An endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell.CHEBI
Enzymes
NameGene NameUniProt ID
Choline O-acetyltransferaseCHATP28329
Phospholipase D2PLD2O14939
AcetylcholinesteraseACHEP22303
CholinesteraseBCHEP06276
Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase BPCYT1BQ9Y5K3
Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase APCYT1AP49585
Choline/ethanolamine kinaseCHKBQ9Y259
Choline kinase alphaCHKAP35790
Phospholipase D3PLD3Q8IV08
Phospholipase D4PLD4Q96BZ4
Phospholipase D6PLD6Q8N2A8
Pathways
NameSMPDB LinkKEGG Link
Betaine MetabolismSMP00123 map00260
Methionine MetabolismSMP00033 map00270
Phospholipid BiosynthesisSMP00025 map00564
MetabolismNot Available
BiosynthesisNot Available
Organoleptic Properties
FlavoursNot Available
Files
MSDSshow
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
General ReferenceNot Available
Content Reference— U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2008. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 21. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page.
— Duke, James. 'Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. United States Department of Agriculture.' Agricultural Research Service, Accessed April 27 (2004).